The Terraform script performs the following operations to set up Amazon Route 53 records:
-
Route 53 Hosted Zone Creation: First, it creates a new hosted DNS zone for the domain heyvaldemar.com. The DNS hosted zone is the container that holds all the DNS records for a specific domain. This forms the foundation for routing internet traffic to this domain.
-
A Record Configuration: Next, it creates an A record for app.heyvaldemar.com that maps to a specific IP address (127.0.0.1). An A record (Address record) is used to map a domain name to the IP address of the computer hosting the domain. This record enables traffic to be directed to the correct server using the human-friendly domain name instead of an IP address. The time-to-live (TTL) setting determines how long the DNS resolver should cache this record.
-
CNAME Record Configuration: It then sets up a CNAME record for www.heyvaldemar.com which points to heyvaldemar.com. A CNAME (Canonical Name) record allows for domain name aliasing. It is used to point a domain or subdomain to another domain name. This record can be used to ensure that multiple services or subdomains can easily point to a single IP address, allowing for flexibility if the IP address changes in the future. Like the A record, this record also has a TTL setting which works in the same way.
Remember to replace 127.0.0.1 and heyvaldemar.com with the actual IP address and domain name you wish to use. These configurations form the groundwork for routing internet traffic to your desired servers using Route 53.
Install AWS CLI by following the guide.
Configure AWS CLI by following the guide.
Install Terraform by following the guide.
Install pre-commit by following the guide
Install tflint by following the guide
Install tfsec by following the guide
Install tfupdate by following the guide
.pre-commit-config.yaml is useful for identifying simple issues before submission to code review. Pointing these issues out before code review, allows a code reviewer to focus on the architecture of a change while not wasting time with trivial style nitpicks. Make sure you have all tools from the requirements section installed for pre-commit hooks to work.
Make sure you have all tools from the requirements section installed.
You may change variables in the 00-variables.tf to meet your requirements.
Initialize a working directory containing Terraform configuration files using the command:
terraform init
Run the pre-commit hooks to check for formatting and validation issues:
pre-commit run --all-files
Review the changes that Terraform plans to make to your infrastructure using the command:
terraform plan
Deploy using the command:
terraform apply -auto-approve
The backend block in the 01-providers.tf must remain commented until the bucket and the DynamoDB table are created.
After all your resources will be created, you will need to replace empty values for region and bucket in the backend block of the 01-providers.tf since variables are not allowed in this block.
For region you need to specify the region where the S3 bucket and DynamoDB table are located. You need to use the same value that you have in the 00-variables.tf for the region variable.
For bucket you will get its values in the output after the first run of terraform apply -auto-approve.
After your values are set, you can then uncomment the backend block and run again terraform init and then terraform apply -auto-approve.
In this way, the terraform.tfstate file will be stored in an S3 bucket and DynamoDB will be used for state locking and consistency checking.
.github is useful if you are planning to run a pipeline on GitHub and implement the GitOps approach.
Remove the .example part from the name of the files in .github/workflow for the GitHub Actions pipeline to work.
Note, that you will need to add variables such as AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_DEFAULT_REGION, and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY in your GitHub projects CI/CD settings section to run your pipeline.
Therefore, you will need to create a service user in advance, using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) to get values for these variables and assign an access policy to the user to be able to operate with your resources.
You can delete .github if you are not planning to use the GitHub pipeline.
- Terraform Unit Tests
This workflow executes a series of unit tests on the infrastructure code and is triggered by each commit. It begins by running terraform fmt to ensure proper code formatting and adherence to terraform best practices. Subsequently, it performs terraform validate to check for syntactical correctness and internal consistency of the code.
To further enhance the code quality and security, two additional tools, tfsec and tflint, are utilized:
tfsec: This step checks the code for potential security issues using tfsec, an open-source security scanner for Terraform. It helps identify any security vulnerabilities or misconfigurations in the infrastructure code.
tflint: This step employs tflint, a Terraform linting tool, to perform additional static code analysis and linting on the Terraform code. It helps detect potential issues and ensures adherence to best practices and coding standards specific to Terraform.
- Terraform Plan / Apply
This workflow runs on every pull request and on each commit to the main branch. The plan stage of the workflow is used to understand the impact of the IaC changes on the environment by running terraform plan. This report is then attached to the PR for easy review. The apply stage runs after the plan when the workflow is triggered by a push to the main branch. This stage will take the plan document and apply the changes after a manual review has signed off if there are any pending changes to the environment.
- Terraform Drift Detection
This workflow runs on a periodic basis to scan your environment for any configuration drift or changes made outside of terraform. If any drift is detected, a GitHub Issue is raised to alert the maintainers of the project.
If you have paid version of GitHub and you wish to have the approval process implemented, please refer to the provided guide to create an environment called production and uncomment this part in the 02-terraform-plan-apply.yml:
on:
push:
branches:
- main
pull_request:
branches:
- main
And comment out this part in the 02-terraform-plan-apply.yml:
on:
workflow_run:
workflows: [Terraform Unit Tests]
types:
- completed
Once the production environment is created, set up a protection rule and include any necessary approvers who must approve production deployments. You may also choose to restrict the environment to your main branch. For more detailed instructions, please see here.
If you have a free version of GitHub no action is needed, but approval process will not be enabled.
.gitlab-ci.yml is useful if you are planning to run a pipeline on GitLab and implement the GitOps approach.
Remove the .example part from the name of the file .gitlab-ci.yml for the GitLab pipeline to work.
Note, that you will need to add variables such as AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_DEFAULT_REGION, and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY in your GitLab projects CI/CD settings section to run your pipeline.
Therefore, you will need to create a service user in advance, using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) to get values for these variables and assign an access policy to the user to be able to operate with your resources.
You can delete .gitlab-ci.yml if you are not planning to use the GitLab pipeline.
- Terraform Unit Tests
This workflow executes a series of unit tests on the infrastructure code and is triggered by each commit. It begins by running terraform fmt to ensure proper code formatting and adherence to terraform best practices. Subsequently, it performs terraform validate to check for syntactical correctness and internal consistency of the code.
To further enhance the code quality and security, two additional tools, tfsec and tflint, are utilized:
tfsec: This step checks the code for potential security issues using tfsec, an open-source security scanner for Terraform. It helps identify any security vulnerabilities or misconfigurations in the infrastructure code.
tflint: This step employs tflint, a Terraform linting tool, to perform additional static code analysis and linting on the Terraform code. It helps detect potential issues and ensures adherence to best practices and coding standards specific to Terraform.
- Terraform Plan / Apply
To ensure accuracy and control over the changes made to your infrastructure, it is essential to manually initiate the job for applying the configuration. Before proceeding with the application, it is crucial to carefully review the generated plan. This step allows you to verify that the proposed changes align with your intended modifications to the infrastructure. By manually reviewing and approving the plan, you can confidently ensure that only the intended modifications will be implemented, mitigating any potential risks or unintended consequences.
Follow these steps to commit changes and trigger the pipeline:
-
Install pre-commit hooks: Make sure you have all tools from the requirements section installed.
-
Clone the Git repository (If you haven't already):
git clone <repository-url>
- Navigate to the repository directory:
cd <repository-directory>
- Create a new branch:
git checkout -b <new-feature-branch-name>
-
Make changes to the Terraform files as needed.
-
Run pre-commit hooks: Before committing, run the pre-commit hooks to check for formatting and validation issues:
pre-commit run --all-files
-
Fix any issues: If the pre-commit hooks report any issues, fix them and re-run the hooks until they pass.
-
Stage and commit the changes:
git add .
git commit -m "Your commit message describing the changes"
- Push the changes to the repository:
git push origin <branch-name>
Replace <branch-name> with the name of the branch you are working on (e.g., new-feature-branch-name).
-
Monitor the pipeline: After pushing the changes, the pipeline will be triggered automatically. You can monitor the progress of the pipeline and check for any issues in the CI/CD interface.
-
Merge Request: If the pipeline is successful and the changes are on a feature branch, create a Merge Request to merge the changes into the main branch. If the pipeline fails, investigate the issue, fix it, and push the changes again to re-trigger the pipeline. Once the merge request is created, your team can review the changes, provide feedback, and approve or request changes. After the merge request has been reviewed and approved, it can be merged into the main branch to apply the changes to the production infrastructure.
I’m Vladimir Mikhalev, the Docker Captain, but my friends can call me Valdemar.
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