[v24.1.x] Transforms: Fix deploy-time timequery bug

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #20127 to branch v24.1.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.1.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-20127-v24.1.x-596
git cherry-pick -x 2401fa30fb0f6949cba7ab33e161d0315b7c819c 0f49b21313a5e1b8d3df64ca1674c6d570faf8fa

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-20127-v24.1.x-596
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.1.x] Transforms: Fix deploy-time timequery bug" \
  --base "v24.1.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-20127-v24.1.x-596" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.1.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/20127 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-4436](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-4436)